Washington, Feb 13 (IANS): How fear controls behaviour? Scientists have discovered a pathway in the brain that sheds new light on how brain translates fear into action.

A normal amount of fear keeps us safe from danger. But in extreme cases, like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), too much fear could prevent people from living healthy, productive lives.

Researchers are actively working to understand how the brain translates fear into action.

Scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) announced the discovery of a new neural circuit in the brain that directly links the site of fear memory with an area of the brainstem that controls behaviour, reports Science Daily.

For years, researchers have known that fear memories are learned and stored in a small structure in the brain known as the amygdala. Any disturbing event activates neurons in the lateral and then central portions of the amygdala.

The signals are then communicated internally, passing from one group of neurons to the next. From there, they reach neurons in the brainstem -- the action centre for fear responses.

Last year, CSHL associate professor Bo Li and his colleagues were able to use new genetic techniques to determine the precise neurons in the central amygdala that control fear memory.

His current research exploits new methods to understand how the central amygdala communicates fear memories to the areas of the brain that are responsible for action.

In work published in the Journal of Neuroscience, Li and his team identified a group of long-range neurons that extend from the central amygdala.

These neurons project to an area of the brainstem, known as the midbrain periaqueductal gray, that controls the fear response.

"This study not only establishes a novel pathway for fear learning, but also identifies neurons that actively participate in fear conditioning," says Li.

"This new pathway can mediate the effect of the central amygdala directly, rather than signalling through other neurons, as traditionally thought," he added.

The next step for these researchers is to apply this knowledge to models of PTSD. "We are working to find out how these circuits behave in anxiety disorders, so that we can hopefully learn to control fear in diseases such as PTSD," says Li.