Daijiworld Media Network - Mumbai

Mumbai, Mar 19: New research has shed light on why women are disproportionately affected by Alzheimer’s disease, with nearly two-thirds of global cases occurring among women. While longer life expectancy was once seen as the primary reason, scientists now point to deeper biological and hormonal factors.

According to findings, midlife changes—particularly those linked to menopause—play a crucial role in increasing vulnerability. A decline in estrogen levels during menopause is believed to impact brain health, contributing to the formation of amyloid plaques and tau tangles, key markers associated with Alzheimer’s.

Experts note that Alzheimer’s is not a condition that develops suddenly in old age but begins decades earlier, often during midlife. This has shifted focus toward understanding early biological changes, especially in women.

Studies indicate that postmenopausal women show higher levels of amyloid buildup, reduced brain metabolism, and decreased grey matter volume compared to men and premenopausal women. These changes suggest that menopause may act as a turning point in brain ageing.

Reproductive health factors also influence risk. Early menopause, particularly before the age of 45, and surgical removal of ovaries have been linked to a higher likelihood of developing dementia later in life. A shorter reproductive span, resulting in reduced lifetime exposure to estrogen, may further elevate risk.

Many women also report memory lapses and difficulty concentrating during perimenopause. While often dismissed as normal ageing, these symptoms could signal early cognitive decline.

Researchers highlight that hormone therapy may offer some protective benefits if initiated around the time of menopause. However, starting treatment later in life may not be effective and could even increase risks, making timing a critical factor.

Genetics and lifestyle also play a role. The APOE ε4 gene, a known risk factor, appears to have a stronger impact on women. Additionally, conditions such as poor sleep, cardiovascular disease, and physical inactivity—common after menopause—further increase vulnerability.

The study underscores the need for early detection and targeted prevention strategies, including lifestyle changes and personalised treatment approaches. It also calls for more research focused specifically on women, as current frameworks often overlook gender-specific risk factors.

Overall, experts stress that understanding hormonal and midlife changes is key to addressing the growing burden of Alzheimer’s among women.