Washington, June 16 (IANS): Nazi propaganda and indoctrination, focused on promoting racial hatred, had a "very effective" result, a study published by the University of California said.

According to a study based on the responses of 5,300 Germans, born in the 1920s and interviewed between 1996 and 2006, the study establishes that those who grew up under the Nazi regime are much more anti-Semitic than those born before or after the period, Efe news agency reported.

"Between 1933 and 1945, young Germans were exposed to anti-Semitic ideology in schools, in the (extracurricular) Hitler Youth, and through radio, print, and film," the study said.

The study confirmed that "beliefs can be modified through policy intervention".

In areas with greater anti-Semitic influence, the study says, the propaganda had greater permeability.

The study concludes it was the education system and youth organisations, rather than radio or cinema that influenced German ideology more effectively during the period.