Daijiworld Media Network – New Delhi

New Delhi, May 6: Long associated with bodybuilding and fitness circles, creatine is increasingly being recognised for its broader role in human physiology, with new research suggesting potential benefits that extend far beyond muscle growth.

Scientists say the naturally occurring compound plays a key role in energy production, cognitive function and cellular metabolism, with ongoing studies exploring its possible therapeutic applications.

Creatine is produced in the body in the liver, kidneys and pancreas from amino acids such as glycine, arginine and methionine. Nearly 95 per cent of it is stored in skeletal muscles, while smaller amounts are found in the brain and heart.

Inside cells, creatine is converted into phosphocreatine, which helps regenerate ATP — the body’s primary energy source — particularly during high-intensity physical or mental activity. Once used, it breaks down into creatinine and is excreted through urine.

Experts emphasise that creatine is not a steroid, but a natural compound that supports energy supply rather than directly building muscle.

“Creatine’s role in muscle development is solely to provide energy for contraction and respiration,” noted pharmaceutical researcher Dr Mehdi Boroujerdi, adding that it should not be confused with performance-enhancing steroids.

Creatine monohydrate, the most widely studied form, has been shown to improve strength, power output and training capacity during short bursts of intense activity by increasing muscle energy reserves.

Beyond physical performance, emerging research suggests potential cognitive benefits, including improvements in memory, mood and processing speed, particularly in older adults or individuals with low baseline creatine levels.

Studies are also exploring its possible role in conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, depression, and age-related muscle and bone loss, although researchers stress that more clinical evidence is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn.

Experts say supplementation protocols typically involve either a loading phase or a steady daily intake of 3–5 grams, with absorption influenced by diet, muscle capacity and metabolic factors. Combining creatine with carbohydrates may enhance uptake.

Research indicates that response to creatine varies by age, gender and diet. Vegetarians and vegans, who generally consume little or no dietary creatine, may experience greater benefits compared to omnivores.

Despite its strong safety profile in healthy individuals, experts caution that creatine is not a “magic solution” and does not replace proper training, nutrition or medical treatment where required.

“Creatine is a supplement with significant potential, but not a panacea,” researchers said, highlighting the need for continued studies to better understand its long-term effects and optimal use.